~ $

Thoughts

How Enigma Violated Indistinguishability under Chosen-Plaintext Attack

A cryptographic analysis of the Enigma machine and how its structural flaws — including the reflector's guarantee that no letter encrypts to itself — fundamentally broke IND-CPA security.

South Africa: Spatial Justice and the Post-Apartheid City

An exploration of how apartheid-era urban planning continues to shape spatial inequality in South African cities today, and what spatial justice might look like in a post-apartheid context.